Practice Quiz - Cardiovascular System

  1. The specialized group of mesenchymal cells which aggregate to form blood islands are called:
    hemoblasts
    angioblasts
    fibroblasts
    yolk sac endoderm
    Wharton's jelly
  2. The cardiovascular system begins to develop during the third week.
    true
    false
  3. The primitive heart is partitioned into four separate chambers during the fourth week.
    true
    false
  4. The heart is derived from:
    splanchnic mesoderm
    somatic mesoderm
    septum transversum
    intermediate mesoderm
    paraxial mesoderm
  5. The dorsal mesocardium:
    disappears partially and thereby helps to form the transverse pericardial sinus
    disappears and helps to form the oblique pericardial sinus
    persists as the fibrous pericardium
    persists as the endocardium
    fuses with the dorsal mesogastrium
  6. By 13-14 days of development, angiogenic cell clusters have differentiated in the:
    extraembryonic mesoderm of the chorion
    splanchnic mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac
    connecting stalk
    cardiogenic mesoderm
    all of the above
  7. The most superior part of the inferior vena cava is derived from:
    left vitelline vein
    right vitelline vein
    right umbilical vein
    left umbilical vein
    sinus venosus
  8. The embryonic origin of the ligamentum arteriosum is from the:
    second arch artery
    third arch artery
    fourth arch artery
    fifth arch artery
    sixth arch artery
  9. The bulboventricular ridge of the embryonic heart:
    persists as the membranous part of the interventricular septum
    becomes the upper segment of the muscular interventricular septum
    contributes to the formation of the left atrioventricular orifice
    gives origin to the trabeculae carneae
    disappears without a trace
  10. At birth, the following changes in circulation take place EXCEPT:
    decrease in pressure in the pleural cavities
    closure of the ductus venosus
    closure of the ductus arteriosus
    closure of the foramen ovale
    relaxation of the thoracic diaphragm
  11. The embryonic branchial arch arteries give origin to all of the following postnatal structures EXCEPT:
    arch of aorta
    ligamentum arteriosum
    pulmonary arteries
    ascending aorta
    common carotid arteries
  12. The following are true statements with regard to the fetal circulation EXCEPT:
    Since the fetal liver is a hemopoietic organ, it is large and well supplied with oxygenated blood.
    Fetal brain receives relatively pure arterial blood.
    Fetal and maternal blood vessels anastomose in the placenta.
    In early developmental stages, one pulmonary vein buds from the left atrium of the heart.
    Foramen primum of the interatrial septum closes after the formation of the foramen secundum.
  13. The following features of the adult human body represent remnants of fetal circulation EXCEPT:
    fossa ovalis of the heart
    musculi pectinati of the atria
    oblique vein of the left atrium
    ligamentum arteriosum
    ligamentum teres hepatis
  14. Each of the following statements are correctly paired EXCEPT:
    right vitelline vein - inferior vena cava
    left vitelline vein - liver sinusoids
    right anterior cardinal vein - part of superior vena cava
    right umbilical vein - definitive umbilical vein
    left sinus horn - coronary sinus
  15. The blood vessels that carry relatively "pure" arterial blood during fetal development are:
    superior vena cava
    inferior vena cava below liver
    pulmonary artery
    ascending aorta
  16. The Tetralogy of Fallot includes the following defects of the heart:
    aortic stenosis
    dextroposition of the aorta
    left ventricular hypertrophy
    atrial septal defect
  17. The changes that normally occur shortly after birth include:
    the umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum venosum
    blood flow in the pulmonary arteries is reversed
    thymus gland undergoes involution
    the umbilical arteries become medial umbilical ligaments
  18. The following embryonic structures are involved in the formation of the definitive right atrium EXCEPT:
    primitive atrium
    right sinus venosus
    left sinus venosus
    right sinus horn
    left sinus horn
  19. Each of the following associations correct EXCEPT:
    right sinus horn - coronary sinus
    right vitelline vein - inferior vena cava
    right posterior cardinal vein - azygos vein
    dorsal mesocardium - transverse sinus of the pericardium
    umbilical veins - allantois
  20. The Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by the following features EXCEPT:
    stenosis of the pulmonary artery
    interventricular septal defect
    overriding aorta
    hypertrophy of the left ventricle
  21. Each of the following normally occurs during the neonatal period EXCEPT:
    pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity
    pressure increases in the left atrium
    flattening of the alveolar epithelium of the lung
    reversal of blood flow in the inferior vena cava
    closure of the ductus venosus
  22. During embryonic and fetal development:
    venous blood from the caudal half of the body is returned by the posterior cardinal veins
    the pulmonary arteries carry essentially oxygenated blood
    the prehepatic inferior vena cava carries essentially oxygenated blood
    the umbilical arteries contain oxygenated blood
  23. The heart is derived from:
    ectoderm
    endoderm
    both
    neither
  24. Each of the following ligaments in the adult are derived from fetal blood vessels EXCEPT:
    medial umbilical ligament
    median umbilical ligament
    round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)
    ligamentum venosum
    ligamentum arteriosum
  25. Of the following, the one most closely associated with the ligamentum teres hepatis is:
    umbilical vein
    umbilical artery
    vitelline vein
    3rd aortic arch
    6th aortic arch
  26. Of the following, the one most closely associated with the portal vein is:
    umbilical vein
    umbilical artery
    vitelline vein
    3rd aortic arch
    6th aortic arch
  27. Of the following, the one most closely associated with the common carotid artery is:
    umbilical vein
    umbilical artery
    vitelline vein
    3rd aortic arch
    6th aortic arch
  28. Of the following, the one most closely associated with the ligamentum arteriosum is:
    umbilical vein
    umbilical artery
    vitelline vein
    3rd aortic arch
    6th aortic arch
  29. Of the following, the one most closely associated with the medial umbilical ligament is:
    umbilical vein
    umbilical artery
    vitelline vein
    3rd aortic arch
    6th aortic arch
  30. The truncus ridges may fail to spiral resulting in transposition of the great vessels.
    true
    false
  31. In the normal fetal circulation, blood from the placenta bypasses the sinusoidal plexus of the liver by way of the ductus venosus.
    true
    false
  32. Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery results from abnormal obliteration of the right 7th intersegmental artery.
    true
    false
  33. In aortic valvular atresia, blood passes into the aorta through a patent ductus arteriosus.
    true
    false
  34. The valve of the foramen ovale is formed by septum secundum.
    true
    false
  35. The least serious clinical problems can be expected from which of the following cardiac abnormalities?
    patent ductus arteriosus
    mitral valve stenosis
    atrial septal defect
    dextrocardia or right-sided heart
  36. In tricuspid atresia, there is usually:
    a patent foramen ovale
    a ventricular septal defect
    an underdeveloped right ventricle
    hypertrophy of the left ventricle
    all of the above are correct
  37. Which of the following does NOT characterize atresia of the valve of the pulmonary artery:
    a patent foramen ovale is the only outlet for blood from the right side of the heart
    the right ventricle is markedly underdeveloped
    a patent ductus arteriosus offers a route of blood flow to the lungs
    there is an overriding aorta
  38. The sinus venosus:
    has a right horn which persists in the adult as the coronary sinus
    has a left venous valve which develops into the valve of the coronary sinus
    forms the smooth-walled portion of the adult right atrium
    receives blood directly from the portal vein
  39. In the development of the cardiovascular system:
    angiogenic clusters appear in the yolk sac endoderm
    the midline heart tube forms four chambers
    the aortic arches develop in a caudal to cephalic sequence
    the heart begins to beat around the 21st day
  40. In the development of the heart, which is NOT correct:
    the heart primordium is initially located in mesenchyme in front of the prochordal plate
    common cardinal veins empty into the sinus venosus
    the interatrial septum is formed from endocardial cushions, septum primum and septum secundum
    only cardiac muscle contributes to the interventricular septum
  41. Concerning the truncus ridges, which statement is NOT correct:
    They may grow abnormally and contribute to formation of transposition of the great vessels
    They normally spiral around each other as they grow
    They form the aorticopulmonary septum
    They contribute to the interatrial septum
  42. Ostium secundum defect:
    is characterized by a large opening between left and right atria
    may be caused by excessive resorption of septum primum
    may be caused by inadequate development of septum secundum
    may be accompanied by intracardiac shunting of blood
    all of the above are correct
  43. In the development of the heart:
    the coronary sinus is formed from the left horn of the sinus venosus
    the oblique vein of the left atrium is formed from the left posterior cardinal vein
    the valve of the coronary sinus is formed from the left sinus valve
    the valve of the inferior vena cava is formed from the left sinus valve
  44. The Tetralogy of Fallot includes all of the following EXCEPT:
    pulmonary stenosis
    overriding aorta
    right ventricular hypertrophy
    atrial septal defect
  45. With aortic valvular atresia:
    the left atrium and left ventricle are hyperplastic, or overdeveloped
    there is an overriding aorta
    blood passes into the aorta through a patent ductus arteriosus
    blood fails to reach the descending aorta
  46. Which of the following associations are correct?
    ligamentum teres hepatis - umbilical vein
    ligamentum venosum - posterior cardinal v.
    median umbilical ligaments - umbilical a.
    ligamentum arteriosum - aortic sac
  47. In normal fetal circulation:
    the umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo
    the foramen ovale shunts oxygenated blood from the left to the right side of the heart
    blood can enter the pulmonary circulation via the ductus arteriosus
    blood from the placenta bypasses the sinusoidal plexus of the liver in the ductus venosus
  48. At birth, increased pressure in the left atrium is directly caused by:
    closure of the foramen ovale
    cessation of placental blood flow
    closure of the ductus venosus
    closure of the ductus arteriosus
  49. Which of the following associations are correct?
    patent ductus arteriosus - left 6th aortic arch
    double aortic arch - right dorsal aorta
    common carotid artery - 3rd aortic arch
    double superior vena cava - left anterior cardinal vein
    all of the above are correct
  50. Partitioning of the atrium is accomplished by growth of:
    septum primum
    septum secundum
    both
    neither
  51. Features of the Tetralogy of Fallot include:
    interatrial septal defect
    stenosis of the pulmonary artery
    both
    neither
  52. At birth, the distal branches of both internal iliac arteries collapse and persist as the:
    urachus
    lateral umbilical ligaments
    both
    neither
  53. The mesenchymal cells which aggregate to form blood islands are called:
    hemoblasts
    mesoblasts
    fibroblasts
    angioblasts
    none of the above
  54. Closure of the foramen primum results from fusion of the:
    septum secundum and the fused endocardial cushions
    septum secundum and the septum primum
    septum primum and the fused endocardial cushions
    septum primum and the septum spurium
    septum primum and the sinoatrial valves
  55. The most common type of cardiac septal defect is:
    muscular type ventricular septal defect, or VSD
    secundum type atrial septal defect, or ASD
    membranous type VSD
    primum type ASD
    sinus venosus
  56. Congenital heart disease is the most common cardiac condition in childhood and most frequently results from:
    maternal medication
    mutant genes
    rubella virus
    fetal distress
    genetic and environmental factors
  57. The fetal left atrium is mainly derived from the:
    primitive pulmonary vein
    primitive atrium
    right pulmonary vein
    sinus venarum
    sinus venosus
  58. The fetal right atrium is mainly derived from:
    primitive pulmonary vein
    primitive atrium
    right pulmonary vein
    sinus venarum
    sinus venosus
  59. The most common congenital malformation of the great vessels is:
    coarctation of the aorta
    Tetralogy of Fallot
    patent ductus arteriosus
    persistent left superior vena cava
    pulmonary semilunar valve stenosis
  60. Neural crest forms the walls of the great vessels, but not the endothelium of those vessels.
    true
    false
  61. The oblique vein of the left atrium is a remnant of the left common cardinal vein.
    true
    false
  62. The bulbar portion of the developing heart is incorporated such as to form most of the left ventricle.
    true
    false
  63. The conus of the heart forms infundibulum of the right ventricle and aortic vestibule of the left ventricle.
    true
    false
  64. To adequately form the outflow of the heart, the aortic sac, the truncus arteriosus and the conus cordis must all be septated, and neural crest cells play a major role in this septation.
    true
    false
  65. The remnant of the first aortic arch artery is:
    stapedial artery
    internal carotid artery
    maxillary artery
    common carotid artery
    the 1st arch artery regresses without remnants
  66. The left brachiocephalic vein is derived from:
    left anterior cardinal vein
    left posterior cardinal vein
    a shunt between left and right posterior cardinal veins
    left horn of the sinus venosus
    none of the above
  67. The aortic sac:
    is the area immediately distal to the ventricles
    is connected to the dorsal aorta via the aortic arch arteries
    is preserved as the region of the semilunar valves in the adult heart
    is also known as the truncus arteriosus
    none of the above
  68. The crista terminalis is derived from:
    right horn of the sinus venosus
    left horn of the sinus venosus
    primitive atrium
    AV canal
    right cusp of the valve of the sinus venosus
  69. The membranous portion of the interventricular septum is formed by:
    conal ridges
    truncal ridges
    endocardial cushions
    septum primum
    more than one of the above
  70. The region of the atrioventricular canal develops into:
    the semilunar valves
    the atrial septum
    the mitral and tricuspid valves
    the base of the ventricle
    the trabeculated portion of the right atrium
  71. The myocardial layer of the heart tube develops from:
    the endocardial tubes
    dorsal mesocardium
    cardiac jelly
    splanchnic mesoderm
    septum transversum
  72. The cardiac jelly:
    separates the endocardium from the myocardium
    mediates interactions between endocardium and myocardium
    resembles a thick basement membrane
    becomes the subendocardial connective tissue layer of the heart
    all of the above
  73. The epicardium forms from:
    the epimyocardial layer of the heart
    dorsal mesocardium over the sinus venosus
    cardiogenic plate mesoderm
    the endocardium
    none of the above
  74. The arch of the azygos vein is derived from:
    posterior cardinal vein
    anterior cardinal vein
    common cardinal vein
    supracardinal vein
    subcardinal vein
  75. Which structure is most important in the formation of the valve of the foramen ovale?
    ductus arteriosus
    ductus venosus
    endocardial cushion
    septum primum
    septum secundum
    dorsal mesocardium
    truncus arteriosus
    truncal ridges
    bulbus cordis
    sinus venosus
    bulboventricular ridge
    cardiac jelly
  76. Which of the following structures ruptures to create the transverse pericardial sinus?
    ductus arteriosus
    ductus venosus
    endocardial cushion
    septum primum
    septum secundum
    dorsal mesocardium
    truncus arteriosus
    truncal ridges
    bulbus cordis
    sinus venosus
    bulboventricular ridge
    cardiac jelly
  77. Transposition of the great vessels is most directly related to abnormal development of which of the following?
    ductus arteriosus
    ductus venosus
    endocardial cushion
    septum primum
    septum secundum
    dorsal mesocardium
    truncus arteriosus
    truncal ridge
    bulbus cordis
    sinus venosus
    bulboventricular ridge
    cardiac jelly
  78. Which structure is important for atrial and ventricular septum formation, as well as formation of the artioventricular valves?
    ductus arteriosus
    ductus venosus
    endocardial cushion
    septum primum
    septum secundum
    dorsal mesocardium
    truncus arteriosus
    truncal ridges
    bulbus cordis
    sinus venosus
    bulboventricular ridge
    cardiac jelly