Anatomy Tables - Female Reproductive System

Osteology
Bone Structure Description Notes
os coxae (TG6-06) one of three bones that form the pelvis paired; the os coxae forms the lateral part of the pelvis; it is formed by three fused bones: ischium, ilium & pubis; also known as the innominate bone
obturator foramen a large foramen formed by the pubic and ischial rami obturator means to occlude or stop up, a reference to the fact that the obturator membrane closes the obturator foramen almost completely; a site of attachment for the obturator externus m. and the obturator internus m.
obturator groove groove on the inferior surface of the superior pubic ramus marks the area of passage of the obturator vessels and n. in the obturator canal
ilium (N486, TG3-04) fan-shaped bone that forms the lateral prominence of the pelvis one of three bones that form the os coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis
greater sciatic notch the notch on the inferior portion of ilium located posteromedial to the ischial spine the greater sciatic notch is converted to the greater sciatic foramen by the sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligament
ischium (N486, TG3-04, N486, N353, N503, TG3-04, TG3-28, TG6-06)   the "V"- shaped bone that forms the posteroinferior part of the pelvis one of the three bones that form the os coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis
  ischial ramus the limb of the ischium that passes anteriorly and superomedially toward the pubis it articulates with the inferior ramus of the pubis to form the ischiopubic ramus (Greek, ischion = hip joint; Latin, ramus = a branch)
ischial tuberosity the roughened projection that protrudes posteroinferiorly from the body of the ischium it is the site of attachment of the sacrotuberous ligament; it is the site of origin of the inferior gemellus m., quadratus femoris m. and the hamstring mm. (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris, ischiocondylar portion of the adductor magnus) (Greek, ischion = hip joint)
lesser sciatic notch the notch located between the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine the lesser sciatic notch is converted to the lesser sciatic foramen by the sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligament
ischial spine the spine that arises just superior to the lesser sciatic notch it is the site of attachment of t he sacrospinous ligament and the site of origin of the superior gemellus m. (Greek, ischion = hip joint)
pubis (TG6-03, TG6-03) an angulated bone the forms the anterior part of the pelvis one of three bones that form the os coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis; its body forms 1/5 of the acetabulum; its symphyseal surface unites with the pubis of the opposite side to form the pubic symphysis; the superior and inferior pubic rami participate in the formation of the obturator foramen
inferior ramus inferior "limb" that passes inferolaterally from the pubic symphysis articulates with the ischial ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus; attachment site for the root of the penis (clitoris) (Latin, ramus = a branch)
pubic symphysis (N248, TG5-03) the midline joint uniting the superior rami of the two pubic bones a symphysis; a fibrocartilage interpubic disk unites the bones; the subpubic angle (at the pubic arch) in the female is greater than the subpubic angle in the male (Greek, symphysis = a growing together)
sacrum (N248, N365, TG5-03, TG6-06)   a triangular bone that is the posterior skeletal element forming the pelvis it is formed by 5 fused vertebrae; the sacrum and two os coxae bones form the pelvis
sacroiliac joint the articulation between the ala of the sacrum and the auricular surface of the ilium a synovial joint; the fibrous articular capsule is thickened dorsally and ventrally to form the sacroiliac ligaments; because of the interlocking nature of the joint surfaces and the strong sacroiliac ligaments, only limited movement is permitted at the sacroiliac joint (Latin, sacrum = sacred bone)
anterior sacral foramina an opening in the anterior surface of the sacrum there are four pairs; each transmits the ventral primary ramus of the respective sacral spinal nerve; branches of the lateral sacral aa. Enter the sacral canal through these openings
coccyx (N248, TG5-03, TG6-01, TG6-02, TG6-04) the most inferior portion of the vertebral column the coccyx results from the fusion of the four coccygeal vertebrae; it may be a single bone or the first coccygeal vertebra may be separated from the other three; it articulates with the fifth sacral segment; coccygeal vertebrae are reduced in complexity, having no pedicles, laminae or spines (Latin, coccyx = a crow's beak)

Joints
Joint Description Significance
sacrospinous ligament (N353, N503, TG6-06, TG3-28) the ligament that connects the ischial spine to the lateral surface of the sacrum and coccyx together with the sacrotuberous ligament, it converts the greater and lesser sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina
sacrotuberous ligament (N353, N503, TG6-06 the ligament that connects the ischial tuberosity to the lateral surface of the sacrum and coccyx together with sacrospinous ligament, it converts the greater and lesser sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Muscles
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Artery Notes Image
bulbospongiosus, in female (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) perineal body and fascia of the bulb of the vestibule perineal membrane and corpus cavernosum of the clitoris compresses the vestibular bulb and constricts the vaginal orifice deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) perineal a. skeletal muscle
bulbospongiosus, in male (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) central tendinous point and the midline raphe on the bulb of the penis perineal membrane, dorsal surface of the corpus spongiosum, deep penile fascia compresses the bulb of the penis, compresses the spongy urethra deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) perineal a. expels the last drops of urine from urethra; expels semen during ejaculation
ischiocavernosus (N379, N382, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) medial surface of the ischial tuberosity and the ischiopubic ramus corpus cavernosum and crus of the penis/clitoris compresses the corpus cavernosum deep branch of the perineal nerve (from pudendal nerve) perineal a. ischiocavernosus m. is closely applied to the surface of the crus penis/clitoris
obturator internus (N358, N360, N379, TG6-21, TG6-21, TG3-28) the internal surface of the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen greater trochanter on its medial surface above the trochanteric fossa laterally rotates and abducts the thigh nerve to the obturator internus m. obturator a. the obturator internus m. leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen; the superior and inferior gemellus mm. insert on the obturator internus tendon
sphincter urethrae, in female (N379, N382, N385, TG6-28A, TG6-28B) encircles the urethra encircles urethra and vagina; extends superiorly along the urethra as far as the inferior surface of the bladder compresses urethra and vagina deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve internal pudendal a. skeletal muscle (Greek, sphincter = that which binds tight)
sphincter urethrae, in male (N379, N382, N385, TG6-28A, TG6-28B) encircles the urethra encircles urethra, reaches lateral surface of prostate and inferior bladder compresses urethra deep branch of perineal nerve from pudendal nerve internal pudendal a. skeletal muscle (Greek, sphincter = that which binds tight)
coccygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) ischial spine side of the coccyx and lower sacrum elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm
iliococcygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) arcus tendineus levator ani and the ischial spine anococcygeal raphe and the coccyx elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m.
levator ani (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23) posterior surface of the body of the pubis, fascia of the obturator internus m. (arcus tendineus levator ani), ischial spine anococcygeal raphe and coccyx elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus is the levator ani m.; coccygeus and levator ani combined form the pelvic diaphragm (Latin, levator = to lift)
obturator internus (TG3-13, TG5-07, TG6-14) the internal surface of the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen greater trochanter on its medial surface above the trochanteric fossa laterally rotates and abducts the thigh nerve to the obturator internus m. obturator a. the obturator internus m. leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen; the superior and inferior gemellus mm. insert on the obturator internus tendon
piriformis (TG3-12, TG6-21, TG6-23) anterior surface of sacrum upper border of greater trochanter of femur laterally rotates and abducts thigh ventral rami of S1-S2   piriformis leaves the pelvis by passing through the greater sciatic foramen
pubococcygeus (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23, (TG6-35, TG6-36) posterior aspect of the superior pubic ramis coccyx elevates the pelvic floor branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m.
puborectalis (TG6-15, TG6-21, TG6-23, (TG6-35, TG6-36) posterior aspect of the body of the pubis unites with the puborectalis m. of other side posterior to the rectum draws the distal rectum forward and superiorly; aids in voluntary retention of feces branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. the combination of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus is called the levator ani m.
pubovaginalis posterior aspect of the body of the pubis fascia of the vagina and perineal body draws the vagina forward and superiorly branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4 inferior gluteal a. pubovaginalis is part of the levator ani muscle
pectoralis major
(N188, TG2-12)		 medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1) pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk the deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating breast disease (Latin, pectus = breast bone)
pectoralis minor
(N188, N189, N428, TG2-12, TG4-07)		 ribs 3-5 coracoid process of the scapula draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk branches of medial pectoral nerve usually pierce pectoralis minor to reach the pectoralis major muscle (Latin, pectus = breast bone)
serratus anterior
(N188, TG4-07)		 ribs 1-8 or 9 medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7) lateral thoracic a. a lesion of long thoracic nerve will cause winging of the scapula (i.e., the medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angel's wing) (Latin, serratus = to saw)

Nerves
Nerve Source Branches Motor Sensory Notes
anterior labial n. (TG6-19A) ilioinguinal n. no named branches none skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. (Latin, labial = lips)
anterior scrotal n. (TG6-19B) anterior cutaneous br. of the ilioinguinal n. no named branches none skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n.
dorsal n. of the clitoris (TG6-19A) pudendal n. no named branches sympathetic motor innervation to skin skin of the shaft of the clitoris the terminal branch of the pudendal n.
dorsal n. of the penis (TG6-19B) pudendal n. no named branches sympathetic motor innervation to skin skin of the shaft of the penis the terminal branch of the pudendal n.
inferior rectal n. (TG6-19A) pudendal n. no named branches external anal sphincter skin of the anus inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n.
perineal n. (TG6-19B) pudendal posterior scrotal/labial n., deep (muscular) br. muscles of the perineum: bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae skin of the posterior surface of the scrotum/labium majus perineal n. branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the transverse perineal muscles
plexus, prostatic (TG6-19B) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus is continuous with the rectal and vesical plexuses sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
plexus, rectal (TG6-19B) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, posterior part no named branches sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum pain and general sensation from the rectum rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
plexus, vesical (TG6-19B) inferior hypogastric plexus continuous with the prostatic plexus sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct pain and general sensation from the bladder, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
posterior labial n. (TG6-19A) perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.) no named branches none skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. (Latin, labial = lips)
posterior scrotal n. (TG6-19B) perineal n., from the pudendal n. no named branches none skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n.
pudendal n. (N404, N405, TG6-28A, TG6-28B, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (sacral plexus) inferior rectal n., perineal n., dorsal n. of the clitoris/penis its branches supply: external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial & deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae its branches supply: skin of the anus, posterior scrotum/labium majus, clitoris/penis pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on the medial surface of the obturator internus m. (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts", ie the genitals)
uterovaginal plexus (TG6-19A) inferior hypogastric plexus continuous with the rectal plexus sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid. A network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
hypogastric plexus, inferior (N409, TG5-39) hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4) contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall (Latin, hypogastric = below the stomach + plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels)
lumbosacral trunk part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus muscles of the hip and posterior thigh see sacral plexus the lumbosacral trunk is not considered to be part of the lumbar plexus
pelvic splanchnic n. (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera none parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons (Greek, splanchnic = viscera)
plexus, sacral (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4 superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and perineum; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot) the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus" (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels)
sacral splanchnic n. (N410, N412, TG6-18, TG6-19) sacral sympathetic ganglia unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera pain from the pelvic viscera sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number (Greek, splanchnic = viscera)
intercostal n.
(N180, N192, N257, TG1-17, TG4-11)		 ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T11 lateral & anterior cutaneous brs. intercostal muscles; abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and hand (via T1) skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of the medial side of the upper limb (via T1-T2) intercostal n. travels below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal groove (Latin, costa = rib)
long thoracic n.
(N429,N430, TG2-13, TG2-14)		 brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C5-C7) no named branches serratus anterior m. no cutaneous branches located on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior m.; lesion of this nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying "C5, 6, & 7 keep the wings from heaven"
pectoral, lateral
(N428, N429,N430, TG2-13, TG2-14, TG2-15)		 lateral cord of the brachial plexus no named branches pectoralis major m. no cutaneous branches lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia

Arteries
Artery Source Branches Supply to Notes
of bulb of penis (TG6-29B) internal pudendal a. no named branches bulb of the penis and associated tissues artery of the bulb of the penis courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb (Latin, penis = a tail or penis, derived from pendere, to hang down)
of bulb of vestibule internal pudendal a. no named branches bulb of the vestibule and associated tissues artery of the bulb of the vestibule courses within the deep perineal space to enter the deep surface of the bulb
clitoris, deep a. of (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) internal pudendal a. no named branches corpus cavernosum of the clitoris deep a. of the clitoris and dorsal a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a.
clitoris, dorsal a. of (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) internal pudendal a. no named branches superficial structures of the clitoris dorsal a. of the clitoris and deep a. of the clitoris are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a.
deep, of penis (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) internal pudendal a. no named branches corpus cavernosum of the penis deep a. of the penis and dorsal a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a.
dorsal, of penis (N404, N405, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) internal pudendal a. no named branches superficial tissues of the penis dorsal a. of the penis and deep a. of the penis are the terminal brs. of the internal pudendal a.
inferior rectal (TG6-28B, TG6-31B) internal pudendal a. no named branches anus, ischioanal fossa inferior rectal a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a. and the superior rectal a.
internal pudendal (N404, N405, TG6-28A, TG6-28B, TG6-29A, TG6-29B, TG6-30A, TG6-30B) internal iliac a., anterior division inferior rectal a., perineal a., artery of the bulb of the clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep clitoral/penile a., dorsal clitoral/penile a. anus, muscles of the superficial and deep perineal spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus internal pudendal a. is the primary blood supply to the perineum
perineal (TG6-29A, TG6-29B) internal pudendal a. posterior labial/scrotal; deep br. posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus; muscles of the superficial perineal space perineal a. courses superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m.; it courses with the perineal n.
posterior labial (TG6-29A) perineal a. no named branches posterior aspect of the labium majus posterior labial a. courses through the superficial perineal space
posterior scrotal (TG6-29B) perineal a. no named branches posterior aspect of the scrotum posterior scrotal a. passes superficial to the superficial transverse perineus m.
gluteal, inferior (N402, N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac a., anterior division unnamed muscular branches gluteus maximus m., hip joint inferior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip
gluteal, superior (N502, N402, N403, TG3-29, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac, posterior division superficial br., deep br. gluteus maximus m., gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., hip joint superior gluteal a. participates in the formation of the cruciate anastomoses of the hip
iliac, common (N264, TG5-34) abdominal aorta external iliac a., internal iliac a. pelvis, lower limb abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the L4 vertebral body to form the right and left common iliac aa.; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation into its terminal brs. (external iliac a. and internal iliac a.)
iliac, external (N264, TG5-34) common iliac a. inferior epigastric a., deep circumflex iliac a., femoral a. lower limb external iliac a. is continuous with the femoral a., the name change occurs at the inguinal ligament; the common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation
iliolumbar (N264, N402, N403, TG5-34, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac a., posterior division iliac br., lumbar br. iliacus m., psoas major m., quadratus lumborum m. lumbar br. of the iliolumbar a. sends a small spinal br. into the vertebral canal
internal iliac (TG3-18, TG3-20, TG5-30 common iliac a. anterior division gives rise to the : umbilical a., obturator a., uterine a., vaginal a., inferior vesical a., middle rectal a., internal pudendal a., inferior gluteal a.; posterior division gives rise to the: iliolumbar a., lateral sacral a., superior gluteal a. pelvic viscera, gluteal region, hip, medial thigh common iliac artery bifurcates anterior to the sacroiliac articulation to form the internal iliac a. and the external iliac a.
internal pudendal (N402, N403, N404, N405, TG6-17A, TG6-17B, TG6-29) internal iliac a., anterior division inferior rectal a., perineal a., artery of the bulb of the clitoris/penis, urethral a., deep clitoral/penile a., dorsal clitoral/penile a. anus, muscles of the superficial and deep perineal spaces, clitoris/penis, posterior aspect of the scrotum/labium majus internal pudendal a. is the primary blood supply to the perineum (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts")
lateral sacral (N264, TG5-34, N402, N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac a., posterior division spinal brs. sacrum, sacral nerve rootlets, meninges, adjacent muscles there are usually 2 lateral sacral aa. on each side, a superior one and an inferior one
middle rectal (N402, N403, N398, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac, anterior division no named branches middle portion of the rectum middle rectal a. anastomoses with the inferior rectal a and the superior rectal a.
obturator (N402, N487, TG3-54, TG6-17) internal iliac a., anterior division pubic br., acetabular br., anterior br., posterior br. medial thigh and hip anterior and posterior brs. pass on the anterior and posterior sides of the adductor brevis m.; aberrant obturator a. arises from the inferior epigastric a. in 30% of cases
umbilical (N402, N403, TG6-17A, TG6-17B) internal iliac a., anterior division superior vesical aa., a. of the ductus deferens superior part of the bladder; ductus deferens distal to the branches described at left, the lumen of the umbilical a. becomes obliterated after birth and the remnant of the vessel becomes the medial umbilical ligament
uterine (N400, 402,404, TG6-11, TG6-17) internal iliac a., anterior division tubal br., vaginal br. uterus, uterine tube uterine a. anastomoses with the ovarian a. and the vaginal a.; it passes superior to the ureter in the pelvis; remember the saying "water under the bridge"
vaginal (N402, N404, TG6-17) internal iliac a., anterior division; occasionally it arises from uterine a. numerous unnamed branches vagina anastomoses with the uterine a.; participates in the formation of the azygos arteries along the lateral surface of the vagina
vesical, inferior (TG6-17) internal iliac a., anterior division or it may arise from the middle rectal a. no named branches lower part of the urinary bladder, prostate/vagina inferior vesical a. anastomoses with the middle rectal a.
vesical, superior (TG6-17) umbilical a. no named branches superior aspect of the bladder superior vesical aa.arise from the umbilical a. proximal to where its lumen becomes obliterated
testicular (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) abdominal aorta testis and epididymis
ovarian (N399, TG5-30, TG6-07, TG6-12) abdominal aorta tubal brs., uterine brs. ovary, uterine tube ovarian a. anastomoses with the uterine a.

Veins
Vein Tributaries Drains Into Regions Drained Notes
internal pudendal v. (TG6-31B) v. of the bulb, posterior labial/scrotal v., inferior rectal v. internal iliac bulb of the clitoris/penis; urogenital region, anal region NOTE: deep dorsal vein, which drains the erectile bodies, does NOT pass to internal pudendal vein (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts", ie. the genitals)
of clitoris, deep dorsal (N N265, N359, N381, N405, TG6-31B, TG6-32B) many unnamed tributaries vesical venous plexus erectile tissue of the clitoris deep dorsal v. of the clitoris passes between the arcuate pubic ligament and the transverse ligament of the perineum to enter the pelvic cavity; an unpaired vein
of clitoris, superficial dorsal no named tributaries superficial external pudendal v. skin and superficial fascia of the clitoris superficial dorsal v. of the clitoris is located superficial to the deep fascia of the clitoris
of penis, deep dorsal (TG6-31A) many unnamed tributaries prostatic venous plexus erectile tissue of the penis deep dorsal v. of the penis passes between the arcuate pubic ligament and the transverse ligament of the perineum to enter the pelvic cavity; an unpaired vein
of penis, superficial dorsal (TG6-31A) no named tributaries superficial external pudendal v. skin and superficial fascia of the penis superficial dorsal v. of the penis is located superficial to the deep fascia of the penis
plexus, rectal venous no named tributaries superior, middle & inferior rectal vv. rectum and anal canal; anus rectal venous plexus is a site of portal-caval anastomosis (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
prostatic venous plexus deep dorsal v. of the penis internal iliac v. penis and the prostate gland prostatic venous plexus is connected with the vesical venous plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
ovarian right: inferior vena cava; left: left renal ovary & distal uterine tube, ureter connects with uterine v.
rectal venous plexus (TG5-28) superior, middle & inferior rectal vv. rectum & anal canal; anus site of portal-systemic anastomosis (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
pudendal, internal (TG5-28, TG6-16, TG6-28) deep v. of clitoris/penis, v. of bulb, posterior labial/scrotal v., inferior rectal v. internal iliac crus & bulb of clitoris/penis, urogenital triangle, anal triangle (Latin, pudendus = ashamed, the term referred to "the shameful parts")
uterine venous plexus uterine vv. to internal iliac v. uterus & uterine tubes connects with ovarian v. & vaginal venous plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
vaginal plexus vaginal v. to internal iliac or uterine v. connects with uterine & vesical venous plexuses (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)
vesical plexus superior & inferior vesical vv. to internal iliac urinary bladder connects with prostatic & rectal plexus or uterine & vaginal plexus (Latin, plexus = a braid, a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels)

Lymphatics
Structure Location Afferents from Efferents to Regions drained Notes
iliac nodes, internal (N257, N387, TG6-33, TG6-34) along the internal iliac vessels lymphatic vessels from the pelvic viscera common iliac nodes, external iliac nodes pelvis, perineum and gluteal region internal iliac nodes are 4 to 8 in number
inguinal nodes, superficial (N257, N387, TG6-33, TG6-34) in the superficial fascia parallel to the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the greater saphenous v. lymphatic vessels from the superficial lower limb, superficial abdominal wall, perineum external iliac nodes; deep inguinal nodes lower abdominal wall; external genitalia; superficial parts of the lower limb superficial inguinal nodes are 12-20 in number; they become inflamed during infections of the lower limb; they may become inflamed during infections of the external genitalia
common iliac nodes (TG6-33, TG6-34) along common iliac vessels external & internal iliac nodes lumbar/lateral aortic nodes lower limb, pelvis & perineum, lower abdominal wall
axillary nodes
(N428, TG2-11)		 axilla cubital nodes; lymphatic vessels from the upper limb, thoracic wall and subscapular region efferents vessels form the subclavian trunk, some drainage to inferior deep cervical nodes upper limb, most of the mammary gland, some of the anterolateral chest wall, posterior thoracic wall and scapular region axillary nodes number from 20 to 30 and are organized in five groups based on their position within the axilla: 1) pectoral nodes, along the lateral border of the pectoralis major m.; 2) lateral nodes, located along the distal axillary v.; 3) central nodes, centrally located along axillary v.; 4) subscapular nodes, located along the subscapular v. and its tributaries; 5) apical nodes, located at the apex of axilla
parasternal nodes
(N428, TG2-11)		 lateral border of sternum, along the course of the internal thoracic vessels anterior phrenic nodes, lymphatic vessels from the anterior thoracic wall larger lymphatic vessels in the root of the neck medial side of the mammary gland; medial part of the anterior chest wall and muscles parasternal nodes constitute an important drainage pattern in cases of cancer of the mammary gland; one or two parasternal nodes may be found in the anterior end of intercostal spaces 1-6; also known as: sternal nodes
pectoral nodes
(N428, TG2-11)		 along the lateral border of the pectoralis major m. along the course of the lateral thoracic vessels lymphatic vessels from the mammary gland and anterolateral thoracic wall central axillary nodes anterolateral thoracic wall and muscles; most of the mammary gland an important group of nodes to examine during a breast physical exam; also known as: anterior axillary nodes

Topographic Anatomy
Structure/Space Description/Boundaries Significance
perineum (N380, TG6-25, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) a diamond-shaped space forming the outlet of the pelvis; its boundaries are: anterolaterally - inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus and ischial tuberosity; posterolaterally - sacrotuberous ligament perineum is subdivided into the anal triangle and urogenital triangle by an imaginary line connecting the ischial tuberosities (peri + inan ("to empty out" in Greek))
anal triangle (N380, TG6-24A, TG6-24B, TG6-25) posterior subdivision of the diamond-shaped perineum; its boundaries are: anteriorly - posterior margin of the perineal membrane (corresponds to an imaginary line connecting the ischial tuberosities); posterolaterally - sacrotuberous ligament anal triangle is the location of the terminal end of the gastrointestinal tract (anus)
urogenital triangle (N380, TG6-24A, TG6-24B, TG6-25) anterior subdivision of the diamond-shaped perineum; its boundaries are: anterolaterally - inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus; posteriorly - posterior margin of perineal membrane (corresponds to an imaginary line connecting the ischial tuberosities) urogenital triangle is the location of the terminal portion of the urinary tract and genital tract
ischioanal fossa (TG6-16, TG6-26B, TG6-35, TG6-36) a fat-filled space located lateral to the anal canal and inferior to the pelvic diaphragm; its boundaries are: superomedially - pelvic diaphragm (anterior recess extends superior to the sphincter urethrae muscle); medially - external anal sphincter muscle and anal canal; laterally - obturator internus fascia and ischial tuberosity; posterolaterally - sacrotuberous ligament and gluteus maximus m.; (posterior recess extends superior to the gluteus maximus m.) the fat and loose connective tissue in the ischioanal fossa compresses to allow passage of feces; also known as: ischiorectal fossa (Greek, ischion = hip joint)
natal cleft (TG6-27A) midline cleft between the buttocks natal cleft lies between the gluteus maximus muscles
dorsum of the penis(N351, TG6-02) location of the deep vessels and the corpora cavernosa dorsal view is when penis is angled down
rectouterine pouch (N360, TG6-08) in females, a peritoneal fold reflecting from the rectum to the posterior fornix of the vagina
rectovesical pouch (N361, TG6-31) in males, a peritoneal fold reflecting from the rectum to the posterior wall of the bladder in the male
vesicouterine pouch (N360, TG6-08) peritoneum reflected from the uterus onto the posterior margin of the superior surface of the bladder separates the uterus from the bladder
pelvic diaphragm inferior part of pelvic inlet, comprising the levator ani and coccygeus mm.
nipple
(N182, TG2-10)		 located superficial to the 4th intercostal space in the male and prepuberal female; areola is dark ring surrounding nipple location of the left nipple may be used to help locate the apex of heart, which is approximately 8 cm from the midline in the left 5th intercostal space; a surface landmark used to place the stethoscope for auscultation of the bicuspid valve

Peritoneal Specializations and Associated Structures
Specialization Location/Description Notes
broad ligament (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) peritoneal fold extending from the pelvic walls to the uterus and uterine tubes broad ligament has three named parts: mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium
mesometrium (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) part of the broad ligament below the junction of the mesosalpinx and the mesovarium mesometrium attaches the body of the uterus to the pelvic wall
mesosalpinx (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) part of broad ligament that supports the uterine tube mesosalpinx extends inferiorly to meet the root of the mesovarium; it attaches the uterine tube to the mesometrium (Greek, salpinx= trumpet, so-named for its resemblance to a trumpet)
mesovarium (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) part of broad ligament that forms a shelf-like fold supporting the ovary mesovarium is located perpendicular to the plane of the mesosalpinx and mesometrium; it attaches the ovary to the mesometrium and mesosalpinx (Latin, ovarium = ovary)
rectouterine fold (N360, TG6-08) a peritoneal fold extending across the floor of the pelvic cavity from the sacrum (beside the rectum) to the uterus rectouterine fold contains the rectouterine ligament which is a condensation of endopelvic fascia that is important for support of the uterus
rectouterine ligament (N360, TG6-08) a condensation of extraperitoneal connective tissue & smooth muscle (rectouterine muscle) connecting the isthmus of the uterus to the sacrum rectouterine ligament is important for support of the uterus
tunica vaginalis testis (N387, TG6-31, N390) a peritoneal sac located anterolateral to the testis tunica vaginalis testis has two layers: visceral and parietal; the visceral layer lies on the anterolateral surface of the testis and epididymis; the parietal layer lines the inner surface of the scrotal sac; (Latin,vaginalis is derived from the word sheath, tunica = a coat)

Viscera/Fascia/Peritoneum
Organ/Part of Organ Location/Description Notes
ampulla of the ductus deferens (N384, TG6-10) dilated part of the ductus deferens located posterior to the bladder ampulla of the ductus deferens joins with the duct of the seminal vesical to form the ejaculatory duct (Latin, ampulla = a flask or the dilated part of a duct or channel; ductus = to lead + deferens = to carry away)
ampulla of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) widest and longest part of the uterine tube ampulla of the uterine tube arches over the ovary and ends laterally in the infundibulum (Latin, ampulla = a flask or the dilated part of a duct or channel)
anal canal (N393, TG6-16) terminal end of the digestive tract anal canal is continuous with the rectum above and opens at the anus below; it is regulated by external and internal anal sphincters
body of the uterus (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) part of the uterus from the fundus and the isthmus the uterine cavity is thin anteroposteriorly and wide in the transverse plane
bulb of the penis (N379, N382, N418 TG6-27B) expanded part of the corpus spongiosum that attaches to the perineal membrane bulb of the penis is covered on its superficial surface by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it contains a portion of the spongy/penile urethra; it is the homologue of the bulb of the vestibule
bulb of the vestibule (TG6-27A) erectile tissue located on either side of the vestibule of the vagina, attached to the perineal membrane bulb of the vestibule is continuous with the glans clitoris; it is covered on its superficial surface by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it is the homologue of the bulb of the penis
bulbourethral gland (TG6-28B) an exocrine gland located posterolateral to the membranous urethra within the sphincter urethrae muscle male only; its duct passes through the perineal membrane and drains into the spongy/penile urethra in the bulb of penis
cervix (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) narrowed inferior end of the uterus cervix is inferior to the isthmus of the uterus and projects into the vagina; it is surrounded by the vaginal fornices (anterior, posterior and lateral) (Latin, cervix = neck)
clitoris (N377, TG6-25) combination of 3 erectile bodies: glans clitoris and 2 corpora cavernosa clitoris clitoris is covered by smooth skin
corona of the glans (N382) margin of the glans projecting beyond the ends of the corpora cavernosa overhangs the neck of the glans that separates the body from the glans of the penis
corpus cavernosum (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) primary erectile bodies (paired) of the penis and clitoris corpora cavernosa attach via the crura to the ischiopubic rami and the perineal membrane; each crus is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle; supplied by the deep a. of the penis/clitoris (Latin, corpus = body)
corpus spongiosum(N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) midline erectile body, attached to the perineal membrane at its proximal end (bulb of the penis) corpus spongiosum expands distally as the glans penis which caps the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa; it contains the spongy/penile urethra (Latin, corpus = body)
crus clitoris (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) lateral part of the corpus cavernosum which is attached to the ischiopubic ramus and the perineal membrane crus clitoris is covered on its superficial surface by the ischiocavernosus muscle (Latin, crus = resembles a leg, therefore any structure which resembles a leg. The clitoris and diaphragm are two among many anatomical structures which take origin from crura)
crus of penis (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) lateral part of the corpus cavernosum which is attached to the ischiopubic ramus and the perineal membrane crus penis is covered on its superficial surface by the ischiocavernosus muscle (Latin, crus = resembles a leg, therefore any structure which resembles a leg. The clitoris and diaphragm are two among many anatomical structures which take origin from crura)
ductus deferens (N361, TG6-31, N384, TG6-10, N387, TG6-31) duct of the testis ductus deferens is continuous with the tail of the epididymis; it passes through the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring to reach the posteroinferior surface of the bladder where it joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct (Latin, ductus = to lead + deferens = to carry away)
ejaculatory duct (N384, TG6-10) duct formed by the union of the duct of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland to empty onto the seminal colliculus along the urethral crest in the prostatic urethra
epididymis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32B, TG6-32C) beginning of the duct system of the testis the head of the epididymis is located on the superior surface of the testis and receives sperm from the efferent ductules; the body of the epididymis lies posterolateral to the testis and is separated from the testis by the sinus of the epididymis; the tail of the epididymis is located inferiorly and is continuous with the ductus deferens; the ductus deferens ascends to pass through the abdominal wall via the inguinal canal (Greek, epididymis = covering the testis)
erectile tissue (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) tissue within the corpora cavernosa erection occurs as a result of blood filling the spaces of the corpora cavernosa
external urethral meatus (orifice) (N377, TG6-25) slitlike opening of the spongy urethra near the tip of the glans
fascia, deep penile/clitoral an extension of the muscular fascia of the ischiocavernosus m. and bulbospongiosus m. onto the shaft of penis/clitoris deep fascia of the penis/clitoris forms a tubular sheath surrounding the erectile bodies, dorsal n. of the penis/clitoris, dorsal a. of the penis/clitoris, deep dorsal v. of the penis/clitoris; the superficial dorsal v. of penis/clitoris lies superficial to the deep fascia of the penis/clitoris; deep fascia of the penis is also known as: Buck's fascia
fimbria of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) finger-like projections surrounding the opening into the uterine tube fimbria spread over the medial surface of the ovary; the ovarian fimbria is an extra long fimbria that attaches to the ovary (Latin, fimbria = fringe)
fossa navicularis (TG6-09B) dilation of the spongy/penile urethra in the glans penis the largest diameter of the penile urethra occurs here
frenulum (N377, TG6-25) a more posterior or deeper part of the labia minora passing posterior to the clitoris (Latin, frenulum = bridle, a narrow reflection of membrane from the lower surface of the glands with the prepuce)
fundiform ligament specialization of the membranous layer of superficial (Scarpa's) fascia passing from the lower abdominal wall onto the base of the penis/clitoris suspensory ligament of the penis/clitoris is a deep fascia specialization that lies deep to the fundiform ligament
fundus of the uterus (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) the rounded anterosuperior part of the uterus fundus of the uterus is defined as that portion of the uterus located superior to an imaginary line joining the points of entry of the uterine tubes; the uterus is normally anteverted and anteflexed, so the fundus normally points anterosuperiorly (Latin, fundus = bottom)
glans penis/clitoridis (N377, N382, N399, N418, TG6-25, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) expanded distal end of the corpus spongiosum which caps the ends of the corpora cavernosa the fossa navicularis is an expanded portion of the penile urethra that occurs in the glans (Latin, glans = acorn)
greater vestibular gland (N379, TG6-27A) an exocrine gland located in the superficial perineal space posterior to the bulb of the vestibule greater vestibular gland is covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it produces a mucous secretion that drains into the vestibule of the vagina for lubrication of the vulva
hymen thin, usually incomplete septum at the inferior vaginal orifice the hymen is the remnant of the urogenital septum of the embryo, and the hymeneal caruncles are remnants of the hymen (Greek, hymen = a membrane)
infundibulum of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tube fimbria are attached to the margin of the infundibulum (Latin, infundibulum = a funnel)
interureteric ridge (N366, TG6-10) mucosal fold on the inner posterior wall of the bladder connecting the paired ureteric orifices interureteric ridge is the superior boundary of the vesical trigone
isthmus of the uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) constricted part of the uterine tube that is adjacent to the uterus isthmus of the uterine tube is the narrowest part
isthmus of the uterus (N371, TG6-11, TG6-12) constricted part of the uterus between the body and the cervix isthmus of the uterus is about 1 cm in length and its cavity enters into the internal cervical os
labia majora (N377, TG6-25) fat-filled elevations of hair-covered skin lying on either side of the vestibule of the vagina labia majora are joined across the midline by the anterior and posterior labial commissures; they blend into each other anteriorly to form the mons pubis (Latin, labia = lips)
labia minora (N377, TG6-25) paired folds of hairless skin located medial to the labia majora and extending posteroinferiorly from the clitoris the anterior end of each labium minus divides: the anterior division of each labium forms the prepuce of the clitoris and the posterior division of each labium forms the frenulum of the clitoris (Latin, labia = lips)
ligamentum teres uteri (N362, TG6-07, TG6-13, N369) also known as: round ligament of the uterus (Latin, teres = round)
mons pubis (N377, TG6-25) rounded, fatty prominence anterior to the pubic symphysis (Latin, mons = mountain)
ovarian ligament (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) a band of connective tissue that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus a remnant of the gubernaculum; it is continuous with the round ligament of the uterus at the lateral surface of the uterus; ovarian ligament lies within the mesovarium; also known as: proper ovarian ligament
ovary (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) female gonad that lies in the ovarian fossa within the true pelvis in contact with the fimbria of the uterine tube ovary is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland; it is held in place by the ovarian ligament, mesovarium, and suspensory ligament of the ovary
perineal membrane (N379A, N379B, N381, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) membrane stretching across the urogenital triangle attaching to both ischiopubic rami perineal membrane is pierced by the urethra, vagina and branches of the pudendal neurovascular bundle
posterior fornix of the vagina (TG6-12) space within the vaginal canal posterior to the cervix an incision made superiorly through posterior fornix will enter the rectouterine pouch of the peritoneal cavity (Latin, fornix = arch or vault)
prepuce (N377, TG6-25) fold of smooth skin extending over the glans penis/clitoris the anterior divisions of the labia minora combine to form the prepuce of the clitoris (Latin, praeputium = foreskin)
prostate (N384, TG6-10) exocrine gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and superior to the sphincter urethrae muscle multiple small ducts drain into the prostatic urethra as it passes through the prostate; subject to benign and malignant enlargement, which may compromise micturition due to projection of the uvula into the bladder (Greek, prostate = one stand before, this gland stands before the bladder)
prostatic utricle (N384, TG6-10) a small blind diverticulum in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra on the summit of the seminal colliculus prostatic utricle is a remnant of the fused lower ends of the paramesonephric ducts - the fused paramesonephric ducts form the uterine canal in the female (Latin, utriculus = little leather bag)
root of penis (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) the attached part; consists of the crura, bulb, and ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles the root is located in the superficial perineal pouch, betweent the perineal membrane superiorly and the deep perineal fascia inferiorly (Latin, a tail or penis; derived from pendere, to hang down)
round ligament of the uterus (N362, TG6-07, TG6-13, N369) a connective tissue band that attaches to the inner aspect of the labium majus and the uterus round ligament of the uterus traverses the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring to reach the lateral surface of the uterus below the uterine tube; it is a remnant of the gubernaculum; it is continuous with the ovarian ligament; it holds the fundus of the uterus forward; also known as: ligamentum teres uteri
scrotal ligament band of connective tissue that attaches the inferior end of the testis to the inner aspect of the scrotal sac scrotal ligament is the remnant of the gubernaculum testis
scrotal raphe (N387, TG6-31,N390) the midline, bilateral embryonic formation of the scrotum (Greek, raphe = a seam or suture)
scrotum (N387, TG6-31,N390) sac of hair-covered skin containing the testis in the scrotum the fatty and membranous layers of the superficial fascia (as seen in the lower abdominal wall) are fused to form the tunica dartos scroti
seminal colliculus (N384, TG6-10) elevation on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra the seminal colliculus is a mound in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra; on its summit is found the opening of the prostatic utricle (Latin, colliculus = mound)
seminal vesicle (N384, TG6-10) blind sac located on the posterior surface of the bladder lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens seminal vesicle produces seminal fluid; its duct joins with the ampulla of the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
seminiferous tubules (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) convoluted tubules of the testis in which sperm are produced drain via efferent ductules into the head of the epididymis
sinus of the epididymis ( TG6-32B) a thin space within the tunica vaginalis testis between the body of the epididymis and the testis sinus of the epididymis is lined by a serous membrane (visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis testis) (Greek, epididymis = covering the testicle)
spermatic cord (N387, TG6-31) bundle of vessels, nerves and lymphatics ensheathed in tissue layers derived from the abdominal wall; it begins at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and the superficial ring to reach the testis in the scrotum spermatic cord comprises the: ductus deferens, testicular a., pampiniform plexus, deferential a. & v. and genital br. of the genitofemoral n.; coverings of the cord are the: internal spermatic fascia (from the transversalis fascia), cremasteric muscle and fascia (from the internal abdominal oblique), external spermatic fascia (from the external abdominal oblique fascia)
suspensory ligament of the ovary (N371, N400, TG6-11, TG6-12) peritoneal fold overlying the ovarian vessels as they cross the pelvic brim to reach the ovary continuous with the broad ligament at the ovary
suspensory ligament of the penis/clitoris (TG6-31BA) a specialization of deep fascia connecting the proximal end of the penis/clitoris to the pubis and pubic symphysis the fundiform ligament is a specialization of superficial fascia that lies superficial to the suspensory ligament
testis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) an endocrine and exocrine gland contained within the scrotum testis is the male gonad; its exocrine product is sperm which drain to the head of the epididymis via efferent ductules; its endocrine product is testosterone; the testis migrates into the scrotum shortly before birth; it is tethered to the scrotum inferiorly by the scrotal ligament (a remnant of the gubernaculum)
tunica albuginea, corpus cavernosum (N379, N382, N418, TG6-27A, TG6-27B) outer white fibrous covering of the corpus cavernosum of the penis/clitoris tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue layer that is not distensible, causing erection when the corpus cavernosum becomes engorged with blood (Latin, tunica albuginea = white coat + corpus = body)
tunica albuginea, testis (N390, TG5-10, TG6-31, TG6-32) outer white fibrous covering of the testis tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue capsule that is covered on its external surface by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis testis (Latin, tunica albuginea = white membrane, covering)
tunica dartos scroti a subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle located in the scrotum fatty and membranous layers of the superficial fascia (as seen in the lower abdominal wall) are fused in the scrotum to form the tunica dartos scroti (Latin, dartos = leather)
urachus (N363, TG6-07) joins the apex of the fetal bladder to the umbilicus after birth, the urachus becomes a remnant called the median umbilical ligament (Greek, urachus/ourachos = the urinary canal of a fetus)
urethra (NN366, N378, N385N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B, TG6-10) duct that drains the urinary bladder urethra has three parts in the male: prostatic, membranous & penile/spongy; female urethra is much shorter than the male urethra, consisting of the membranous part only
urethra, membranous (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) part of the urethra that passes through the sphincter urethrae muscle and perineal membrane female: membranous urethra connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice at the vestibule of the vagina; male: membranous urethra connects the prostatic urethra with the spongy/penile urethra
urethra, penile (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) part of the urethra contained within the bulb and the corpus spongiosum of the penis longest part of male urethra; penile urethra has a dilation in the region of the glans called the navicular fossa; also known as: spongy urethra
urethra, prostatic (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) part of the male urethra passing through the prostate gland prostatic urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice at the anteroinferior angle of the vesical trigone; posterior wall of the urethra has an elevated ridge called the urethral crest with a prominence called the seminal colliculus (veru montanum = spitting mountain); seminal colliculus has a blind diverticulum called the prostatic utricle with orifices of ejaculatory ducts located below it
urethra, spongy (N388, TG6-09A, TG6-09B) part of the urethra contained within the bulb and the corpus spongiosum of the penis longest part of male urethra; spongy urethra has a dilation in the region of the glans called the navicular fossa; also known as: penile urethra
ureter muscular tube that serves as the duct of the kidney to carry urine to the bladder ureter is continuous proximally with the renal pelvis; it passes over the pelvic brim medial to the testicular/ovarian vessels; it passes obliquely through the posterior wall of the urinary bladder and drains at the posterolateral angle of the vesical trigone
uterine tube (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) the duct of the ovary; it extends from the ovary to the uterus uterine tube has four named parts: infundibulum is the funnel shaped opening - fimbria encircle this opening; ampulla is a dilated region that connects the infundibulum with the isthmus; isthmus is the constricted part nearest the uterus; intramural part is within the uterine wall
uterus (N371, TG6-08, TG6-11, TG6-12) hollow muscular organ within which the fertilized ovum develops; normally lies anteverted posterosuperior to the bladder uterus is anteflexed (curved anteroinferiorly) at the uterine isthmus; the fundus is the part superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes and it normally lies anterosuperiorly; the body meets the cervix at a constricted area called the isthmus; the cervix projects into the vagina
uvula of the bladder (N366, TG6-10) elevation of the inner bladder wall posterosuperior to the internal urethral orifice uvula is caused by the middle lobe of the prostate gland; if the prostate becomes enlarged (either benign hypertrophy or malignancy) the uvula can constrict the internal urethral orifice and cause difficulty in voiding the bladder; only found in males
vagina (N377, TG6-25) part of the female genital canal located between the vestibule and the cervix vaginal fornices surround the cervix; the word "vagina" is derived from the Latin word for sheath
vesical trigone (N366, TG6-10) smooth triangular region located on the inner surface of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder vesical trigone is bounded by the openings of the ureters (2) superolaterally, the interureteric ridge between the openings of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice inferiorly (Greek, trigone = triangle)
vestibule of the vagina (N377, TG6-25) region inferior to the hymen/hymeneal caruncles and between the labia minora vestibule of the vagina contains the external urethral orifice, the opening of the vagina and the openings of the greater vestibular glands
vulva (N377, TG6-25) serves as sensory and erectile tissue for sexual intercourse and arousal, directs the flow of urine, prevents entry of foreign material into the urogenital tract clinically called the pudendum
mammary gland
(N182, TG2-10)		 located anterior to pectoralis major m. from rib 2/3 to rib 6/7 the breast, a modified sweat gland, comprises glandular tissue arranged in up to 20 lobules, surrounded by subcutaneous connective tissue and supported by suspensory ligaments
lactiferous ducts
(N182, TG2-10A, TG2-10B)		 drain the lobules of the mammary gland at the nipple beneath the nipple, the ducts dilate to form lactiferous sinuses
areola
(N182, TG2-10)		 darkly pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

Clinical Terms
Term Definition
urinary stress incontinence urinary incontinence is the unintentional loss of urine.; urinary stress incontinence happens when the bladder can't handle the increased compression during exercise, coughing, or sneezing; this form of incontinence usually occurs in women over 60 and in men who have had prostate surgery and is the result of relaxation of the pelvic muscles and displacement of the urethrovesicular junction
iatrogenic injury to ureters the ureters may be injured during procedures near the uterine artery; they might be mistakingly clamped or ligated during a hysterectomy
Kegel exercises contraction of the pelvic floor muslces (e.g. levator ani), done to strengthen the pelvic floor
angiogram radiological method of visualizing blood vessels by injection of contrast material into an artery
embolization treatment that clogs small blood vessels and blocks the flow of blood
cystoscopy visual examination of the urinary tract with a cystoscope
cervical cancer cancer of the cervix of the uterus. Very highly correlated with HPV infection.
hysterectomy the operation of excising the uterus, performed either through the abdominal wall or through the vagina.
oophorectomy the removal of an ovary or ovaries.
ectopic pregnancy a gestation elsewhere than in the uterus. Often occurring in the uterine tube. Presents with abdominal pain, fainting, and/or vaginal bleeding.
STD infection resulting in infertility chlamydia is probably the STD most often associated with infertility. Gonorrhea is as well. Both can cause scarring and therefore infertility (e.g., ovarian tubes blocked, etc.). PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) is a description of a disease process in the pelvis (just what is sounds like -- inflammation). It can be caused by Chlamydia as well as other STDs and some unknown anaerobic organisms. Most OB/Gyn people refer to the specific part of the viscera that is inflamed (e.g., salpingitis, endometritis, etc.) instead of the generic PID. However, many other clinicians (internists, ER docs) use the term PID.
hysterosalpingography radiography of the uterus and uterine tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
prolapse of uterus falling down or sinking of the uterus; the cervix may protrude from the introitus.
cesarean (c-section) a surgical procedure that involves the delivery of the fetus through an abdominal incision. C-sections account for about 1/5 of all births in the US. Indications include: failure to progress, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion (baby too big for birth canal), placenta previa, placental abruption, placental insufficiency, breech baby, active genital herpes, multiple gestation, preeclampsia and excessive scarring from previous surgeries. The average hospital stay is about 4 days. The maternal death rate with C-section is three times higher than with natural delivery.
menstrual pain lower abdominal and pelvic pain that is associated with menses. Recurrent monthly menstrual pains (not explained by other causes) are often referred to as primary dysmenorrhoea.
cystocele a condition where the bladder herniates into the vaginal canal and usually results in stress incontinence. (Greek, -cele = hernia)
colporrhaphy repair of a rupture of the vagina by suturing the edges of the tear.
laparotomy general term for abdominal surgery.
leiomyomas benign uterine tumors also referred to as uterine fibroids that can cause pelvic pain and bleeding in some females. (Greek, -oma = tumor or neoplasm)
enterocele a hernial protrusion of bowel through a defect in the rectouterine or vesicouterine pouch (Greek, -cele = hernia)
rectocele/proctocele prolapse or herniation of the rectum (Greek, -cele = hernia)
pudendal nerve block the area anesthetized is the skin of the perineum; this nerve block does not, however, abolish sensation from the anterior part of the perineum, which is innervated by the ilioinguinal nerve and the genitofemoral nerve. It will also not anesthetize the perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. Also, it does not abolish pain from uterine contractions that ascend to the spinal cord via the sympathetic afferent nerves. In the transvaginal procedure the ischial spine is the landmark used for the insertion of the needle
episiotomy surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery. A mediolateral incision (at 5 or 7 o'clock) is the preferred incision since it is associated with less chance of entrance into the rectum than a median incision.
ischioanal abscess frequent in older people, and are often a result of infections in the anal canal; usually starts as an inflammation of the crypts, which leads to the invasion of normal rectal flora into the ischioanal fossa, and thereby causes an infection
spinal anesthesia an anesthetic agent is injected directly into the subarachnoid space at the L3/L4 vertebral level-anesthetizes essentially everything inferior to the waist; the anesthesia takes effect in about a minute; can result in the patient experiencing a headache due to fluid leaking from the puncture site
epidural anesthesia injection of anesthetic agents into the epidural space as opposed to injection into the subarachnoid space; usually takes 10 to 20 minutes to take effect and has a direct effect on the spinal nerves; often used for operations below the diaphragm and consequently is used in childbirth and cesarean sections
gynecomastia excessive development of the male mammary glands, sometimes secreting milk. This can be idiopathic, or as a result of an underlying disease process. (Greek, gyn = female + mastos = breast)
axillary tail (of Spence) part of the mammary gland may extend along the inferolateral edge of the pectoralis major toward the axilla (armpit), forming an axillary tail (of Spence). This portion of breast tissue is in the upper-outer quadrant of the breast which is important because 50% of breast cancer is located in this quadrant and in the axillary tail
supernumerary nipples (polythelia) more than the normal number of nipples, may be on the breast or other parts of the body-found along the "milk line" from axilla to groin. These accessory nipples resemble raised nevi (commonly called "moles").
supernumerary breasts (polymastia) a condition in which more than two breasts are present
mastectomy/lumpectomy amputation of the breast or of an affected portion (Greek, mastos = breast + -ectomy = excision)
mastitis inflammation of the mammary gland (Greek, mastos = breast + -itis = inflammation)
scintigraphy record indicating the intensity, location, and distribution of radioactivity in tissue following the use of radioactive tracer substances
mammogram special imaging examination of the breast to detect breast cancer. The American Cancer Society currently recommends that screening should begin annually at the age of 40 (and earlier in those patients with a family history of breast cancer).

The material presented in these tables is contained in the book:
MedCharts Anatomy by Thomas R. Gest & Jaye Schlesinger
Published by ILOC, Inc., New York
Copyright © 1995, unauthorized use prohibited.
 The excellent editorial assistance of
Dr. Pat Tank, UAMS
is gratefully acknowledged.